Bell's palsy: Treatment

                            Bell's palsy: Treatment guidelines

J. M. K. Murthy and Amrit B. Saxena

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The most common cause of acute onset unilateral peripheral facial weakness is Bell's palsy. The incidence of Bell's palsy is 20-30 cases for 100,000 and accounts for 60-70% of all cases of unilateral peripheral facial palsy. Either sex is affected equally and may occur at any age, the median age is 40 years. The incidence is lowest under 10 years of age and highest in people over the age of 70. Left and right sides are affected equally.

Clinical Characteristics
Bell's palsy is an acute peripheral facial weakness of unknown cause and the diagnosis can be established without difficulty in patients with unexplained unilateral isolated facial weakness. The onset is sudden and symptoms typically peak within a few days. Additional symptoms may include pain in or behind the ear, numbness or tingling in the affected side of the face usually without any objective deficit on neurological examination, hyperacusis and disturbed taste on the ipsilateral anterior part of the tongue. Bilateral idiopathic facial palsy occurs less frequently than unilateral involvement. About 7% of patients with history of Bell's palsy may experience recurrence. The mean interval to first recurrence is reported at 9.8 years after the first episode.

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Diagnosis
The first step in the diagnosis is to determine whether facial weakness is central or peripheral. Peripheral facial palsy involves all the facial muscles ipsilateral to the side of facial nerve involvement where as central weakness involves lower facial muscles contralateral to the lesion in the brain stem above pons and cerebral hemisphere.

Bell's palsy is differentiated from other causes of facial palsy such as diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, Lyme disease, Ramsay Hunt syndrome (peripheral facial palsy with zoster oticus), sarcoidosis, Sjogren's syndrome, parotid-nerve tumors, leprosy, polyarteritis nodosa and amyloidosis, by its rapid onset over several hours. Facial palsy secondary to other causes progresses over days to months.

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Diagnostic Workup

Diagnosis of Bell's palsy in a patient with unilateral peripheral facial weakness of unknown cause is purely clinical. However, electrodiagnostic testing done within 14 days of onset may provide prognostic information.

The nerve excitability test determines the excitation threshold by recording the minimum electrical stimulus required to produce visible muscle contraction. A difference greater than 3.5 mA between affected and unaffected sides is considered to be significant in terms of poorer outcome. Measuring the peak-to-peak amplitude of the evoked compound action potential of the involved side compared to the normal side has prognostic importance. If there is a 90% or greater reduction in the amplitude of the affected side, the prognosis is poor.

Currently the trigeminal blink reflex is the only test to measure intracranial pathway of the facial nerve and also useful test to study various postparalysis sequelae such as synkinesis and hemifacial spasms. With recovery of facial function the ipsilateral R1 latency becomes less prolonged and the amount of initial prolongation of this response correlates with greater loss of facial motor function.

Gadolinium contrast magnetic resonance (MRI) study reveals enhancement of internal acoustic meatal segment on the affected side; however, this is a non-specific finding. MRI should not be done routinely and should be the investigation to look for other possible causes for acute facial paralysis especially if there is little or no recovery of function.

Treatment

The aims of treatment in the acute phase of Bell's palsy include strategies to speed recovery and to prevent corneal complications. Eye care includes eye patching and lubrication, lubricating drops should be applied frequently during the day and a eye ointment should be used at night.[5] Strategies to speed recovery include physical therapy, corticosteroids and antiviral agents .